Oracle Database: SQL and PL/SQL Fundamentals

Introduction

• Overview of Oracle Database 12c and related products
• Overview of relational database management concepts and terminologies
• Introduction to SQL and its development environments
• The HR schema and the tables used in this course
• Oracle Database documentation and additional resources

Retrieve Data using the SQL SELECT Statement

• List the capabilities of SQL SELECT statements
• Generate a report of data from the output of a basic SELECT statement
• Use arithmetic expressions and NULL values in the SELECT statement
• Invoke Column aliases
• Concatenation operator, literal character strings, alternative quote operator, and the DISTINCT keyword
• Display the table structure using the DESCRIBE command

Restricted and Sorted Data

• Write queries with a WHERE clause to limit the output retrieved
• Describe the comparison operators and logical operators
• Describe the rules of precedence for comparison and logical operators
• Usage of character string literals in the WHERE clause
• Write queries with an ORDER BY clause
• Sort the output in descending and ascending order
• Substitution Variables

Usage of Single-Row Functions to Customize Output

• List the differences between single row and multiple row functions
• Manipulate strings using character functions
• Manipulate numbers with the ROUND, TRUNC, and MOD functions
• Perform arithmetic with date data
• Manipulate dates with the DATE functions

Conversion Functions and Conditional Expressions

• Describe implicit and explicit data type conversion
• Describe the TO_CHAR, TO_NUMBER, and TO_DATE conversion functions
• Nesting multiple functions
• Apply the NVL, NULLIF, and COALESCE functions to data
• Usage of conditional IF THEN ELSE logic in a SELECT statement

Aggregated Data Using the Group Functions

• Usage of the aggregation functions in SELECT statements to produce meaningful reports
• Describe the AVG, SUM, MIN, and MAX function
• How to handle Null Values in a group function?
• Divide the data in groups by using the GROUP BY clause
• Exclude groups of date by using the HAVING clause

Display Data From Multiple Tables

• Write SELECT statements to access data from more than one table
• Join Tables Using SQL:1999 Syntax
• View data that does not meet a join condition by using outer joins
• Join a table to itself by using a self join
• Create Cross Joins

Usage of Subqueries to Solve Queries

• Use a Subquery to Solve a Problem
• Single-Row Subqueries
• Group Functions in a Subquery
• Multiple-Row Subqueries
• Use the ANY and ALL Operator in Multiple-Row Subqueries
• Use the EXISTS Operator

SET Operators

• Describe the SET operators
• Use a SET operator to combine multiple queries into a single query
• Describe the UNION, UNION ALL, INTERSECT, and MINUS Operators
• Use the ORDER BY Clause in Set Operations

Data Manipulation

• Add New Rows to a Table
• Change the Data in a Table
• Use the DELETE and TRUNCATE Statements
• How to save and discard changes with the COMMIT and ROLLBACK statements
• Implement Read Consistency
• Describe the FOR UPDATE Clause

DDL Statements to Create and Manage Tables

• Categorize Database Objects
• Create Tables
• Describe the data types
• Understand Constraints
• Create a table using a subquery
• How to alter a table?
• How to drop a table?

Other Schema Objects

• Create, modify, and retrieve data from a view
• Perform Data manipulation language (DML) operations on a view
• How to drop a view?
• Create, use, and modify a sequence
• Create and drop indexes
• Create and drop synonyms

Introduction to PL/SQL

• PL/SQL Overview
• List the benefits of PL/SQL Subprograms
• Overview of the Types of PL/SQL blocks
• Create a Simple Anonymous Block
• Generate the Output from a PL/SQL Block

PL/SQL Identifiers

• List the different Types of Identifiers in a PL/SQL subprogram
• Usage of the Declarative Section to Define Identifiers
• Use of variables to store data
• Scalar Data Types
• %TYPE Attribute
• Bind Variables
• Sequences in PL/SQL Expressions

Write Executable Statements

• Basic PL/SQL Block Syntax Guidelines
• How to comment code?
• SQL Functions in PL/SQL
• Data Type Conversion
• Nested Blocks
• Operators in PL/SQL

Interaction with the Oracle Server

• SELECT Statements in PL/SQL to Retrieve data
• Data Manipulation in the Server Using PL/SQL
• The SQL Cursor concept
• Learn to use SQL Cursor Attributes to Obtain Feedback on DML
• How to save and discard transactions?

Control Structures

• Conditional processing Using IF Statements
• Conditional processing Using CASE Statements
• Simple Loop Statement
• While Loop Statement
• For Loop Statement
• The Continue Statement

Usage of Composite Data Types

• PL/SQL Records
• The %ROWTYPE Attribute
• Insert and Update with PL/SQL Records
• Associative Arrays (INDEX BY Tables)
• INDEX BY Table Methods
• INDEX BY Table of Records

Explicit Cursors

• Understand Explicit Cursors
• Declare the Cursor
• How to open the Cursor?
• Fetching data from the Cursor
• How to close the Cursor?
• Cursor FOR loop
• Explicit Cursor Attributes
• FOR UPDATE Clause and WHERE CURRENT Clause

Exception Handling

• What are Exceptions?
• Handle Exceptions with PL/SQL
• Trap Predefined Oracle Server Errors
• Trap Non-Predefined Oracle Server Errors
• Trap User-Defined Exceptions
• Propagate Exceptions
• RAISE_APPLICATION_ERROR Procedure

Stored Procedures and Functions

• What are Stored Procedures and Functions?
• Differentiate between anonymous blocks and subprograms
• Create a Simple Procedure
• Create a Simple Procedure with IN parameter
• Create a Simple Function
• Execute a Simple Procedure
• Execute a Simple Function